* Improved economic status does not necessarily resutl in reduced gender difference.
* Family structure (the # of children in the household in different age groups) and a child's relationship to the head of the household are very important influences on investmetns in children's education.
- Greater responsiveness of female enrollement rates to changes in income and prices over time within countries (Schultz, 1989)
- Children have to go to school, do market work, and help home production.
- Birth-order effects on educational investments
- **INT**: gender differences are widest not in the poorest segment of the population but rather in the next poorest group.
- Female heads of household spend a larger percentage of the household budget on children than do male heads.
- More children avilable at home, lower opportunity cost of schooling
- Among 6-14 ages: 22% and 15-19 ages: 27% children are not the children of the household head --> Fostering rural children in urban environments
- In 1995, 85% of women aged 20 in Kinshasa had never been to school (compared to only 45% of men)
- It is still possible that the fostered children are achieving higher levels of schooling than if they had remained in thier family
- Education of the household head has been found to be a significant determinant of children's schooling --> Circulating Effect
- Gender differneces in reaching in 4th grade among children 10-14 are the greatest among the poor
- School enrollment rates have dropped as the economy has continued to deteriorate
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