Thursday, March 10, 2011

Journal #16: Why Do Soldiers Rape? Masculinity, Violence, and Sexuality in the Armed Forces in the Congo (DRC)

[Culture - Among soldiers]

Abstract: Some stunning thoughts of soldiers are revealed through personal interviews by Baaz in this article. As detectives usually invest much time on discovering strategies of criminals, one who wants to, or feels obliged for the concern of humanity, prevent women from further being suffered, one has to devote efforts to know why, why, why in the world, soldiers commit such horrible crimes. Baaz categorizes different rapes according to the intention of rape, based on the interviews by soldiers in Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo (FARDC), which is mostly blamed for the extensive rape as a war tool. That is,"normal" rape and "evil" rape.

Cynthia Enloe has outlined three main militarized rape: the "recreational rape," "national security rape," and "systematic mass rape."

There were, surprisingly, more stories than it appears to be: the dearth of "normal" sexual encounters in soldiers' own home.
            - Soldiers have told that since they are not paid well and cannot give money to thier wives, resulting declining desire and love of wives toward thier husbands. Accordingly, these soldiers who feel that they have lost their supposedly expressive masculinity go out and "pick up flowers" in the warfield, which is usually villages where vulnerable women reside. 
               One soldier says, therefore, if they(soldiers) can be rescued from conitnuing poverty, they will not at all imagine committing such crime because the soldiers, as a household who deserves repect from families, will be satisfied sexually and economically. There is no reason for them to go out and kill, rape, and amputate people. 
            - Also, some said that they feel dutiful to do bad things. While reading those words, I couldn't help but thinking that those soldiers have been suffering from mentally and materially unsatisfying lives, which seem endless. They seemed to be shouting that they did not have any other outlet but do such things to, maybe distract from disruptive thoughts and desperative and depreciating live conditions. And thus, they think that they have "rights" to satisfy those desires, while not thinking of the equal "rights" of women. 

Seemingly, their explanation seems to be reasonable enough about why they rape women, something understandable and admittable is undoubtedly different. The soldiers' thoughts have been constantly framed within satisfying their desires while living with other soldiers in the army, but were not trained to sympathize and think of the victims. Yes, it's hard to imagine how they shaped such thought. But they don't feel sexually attracted to female colleagues (soldiers).

Studying Psychology

Well, it's hardly necessary to say this. But everything is related to how humans or individuals in a group think. Every problem and conflict seems to stem from the misleading thoughts of those people, without even realizing what kind of idea they have in mind. Therefore, it seems very important to deeply study psychology to prevent such unfavorable outcome that (to the least extent) harms others. Although there are, indeed, individual differences, I believe in that extensive knowledge of psychology and philosophy humans have invested is still sufficient for me to understand some of inhumane crimes targeting the same species.
- While reading "Why do soldiers rape? Masculinity, violence, and secuality in the armed forces in the Congo (DRC)" - Maria Eriksson Baaz

Tuesday, March 8, 2011

Journal #15: Do Women Leaders Matter? - Nicholas Kristof

The answer to this question Kristof is giving is yes and no. 

It was deeply disappointing reading that women even in the highest political position less cares about women's inferior status than some males such as Muhammad Yunus and Fazle Abed, (the founder of an extraordinary Bangladeshi anti-poverty organization, BRAC). These advocacies of women's rights have worked for improving women's economic status by "educating"them how to stand independent economically from women. 

Why would female politicians (femocrats) show less intense advocacy for women? Although Kristof pointed that local women leaders are passionate for women's issue and certainly there are women in the highest position who are famous for not only representing the state but women - Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (the president of Liberia) - he states that it is true that not all female politicians or leaders indeed take care of difficulties women particualry are facing. 

So, ultimately, it seems that the "gender" per se of a leader does not really matter, doesn't it?
Women's underrepresented position is not primarily because their leaders are males. Changing those leaders to female, either, did not show much improvement for women. Then what made Yunus and Abed consider women's issue so seriously? 

http://kristof.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/03/08/do-women-leaders-matter/

Wednesday, March 2, 2011

Journal #14: Ugandan Feminism: Political Rhetoric or Reality?

Abstract: Having "Women's rights are human rights" as the international feminist slogan, feminist activists in Africa are working. However, still, coherent efforts lack among the feminist organizations. Thus it is hard to reflect the feminists' opinions to improve African women's status in the national policies. In addition, African women, specifically Ugandan women in this article, do not have sufficient knowledge to claim out their rights (the domestic violence by husband is introduced; cases when women are discouraged to preserve their rights to protect themselves are not uncommon). Also, misleading cultural concept led women to tolerate such violence. Some women think that if husbands do not beat their wives, women are regarded not being loved enough by husbands. This traditional cultural idea places huge barrier to save these women. It is harder because the victim thinks that she can and should tolerate such apparent "crime".

Tuesday, March 1, 2011

Indigenous Information Network (Kenya)

http://librated.com/iin/index.html

Indigenous Information Network (IIN) is a non-profit, non-governmental organization dedicated to empowering indigenous peoples in Kenya, Africa and worldwide. Based in Nairobi, it was founded in 1996 by a group of indigenous professionals in response to the lack of groups and services addressing the needs of indigenous peoples. IIN works to promote knowledge of the rich cultures and lifestyles of indigenous peoples, and the challenges they face in protecting their rights and livelihoods. 

The underlying issue that prompted the founding of IIN was the exclusion of indigenous and minority peoples from the mainstream development agenda. The lack of understanding of nomadic pastoralist and hunter-gatherer cultures frequently results in unsustainable or culturally inappropriate projects which squander precious resources and further marginalization. 

IIN recognizes that indigenous ways of life are sustainable and worth supporting. We therefore aim to empower indigenous peoples to guide their own development, gain greater political representation and have their rights recognized at regional, national and international levels.

Zenab for women in Development (Sudan)

http://z-w-d-s.org/en/

MADRE :: Demanding Rights, Resources & Results for Women Worldwide

Useful Websites ^^

MADRE :: Demanding Rights, Resources & Results for Women Worldwide

Vulnerable status of women seem to be universal in developing countries...
http://www.madre.org/images/uploads/misc/1298672373_Haiti_Report_Final_ENGLISH.pdf